< Back 21 Jul 2025 Aina's recap of the AI Summer School at KU Leuven Aina Errando started the summer of 2025 with the AI Summer School at KU Leuven , organised by the Centre for IT & IP Law (CiTiP). As a PhD researcher within the ALGEPI project, she was selected to join the 5th edition of this summer school. The programme brought together an interdisciplinary and international cohort of researchers, legal scholars, and professionals to explore some of the most pressing regulatory and ethical challenges in the field of artificial intelligence (AI). Over two intensive weeks , participants engaged with a broad spectrum of topics, including: The EU AI Act, Digital Services Act (DSA), and Digital Markets Act (DMA) The Council of Europe’s Framework Convention on AI, Human Rights, Democracy and the Rule of Law The OECD AI Principles and UNESCO’s Recommendation on the Ethics of AI Critical discussions on AI auditing, transparency, fairness, and accountability The sessions were led by renowned scholars and practitioners , and their contributions created an intellectually rich and challenging environment that encouraged participants to critically reflect on the intersections between law, ethics, and AI innovation . During the programme, Aina had the opportunity to present her work-in-progress titled “Regulating the News(rooms): Between AI Policies and Editorial Realities in Europe” , developed as part of the ALGEPI project . Furthermore, one of the programme’s highlights was a gamified group challenge , where participants were assigned roles in a fictional regulatory debate. Aina and her team were tasked with unconditionally defending regulatory sandboxes under the AI Act. The AI Summer School came at a particularly relevant time, as institutions across Europe are working on implementing the AI Act, as well as other digital regulations and policies. The programme offered an opportunity to gain practical insights into how regulation is interpreted, contested, and applied across different sectors and jurisdictions. Together with other summer school attendees, Aina wrote a blog post on the AI regulatory Sandboxes established under the EU AI Act. Would you like to know more about it? Have a look at https://www.law.kuleuven.be/ai-summer-school/blogpost/ai-sandboxes-between-promises-and-perils/view Previous Next AI Summer School 2025

< Back 5 Jun 2025 Our presentations at the emma Conference 2025 On the first day of the EMMA Conference, Aina, Hanne, and Pieter joined over 20 other PhD students from all over Europe for the inspiring PhD Workshop. In small groups, under the guidance of an experienced researcher, each student got the opportunity to present some issues related to their PhD track, delving into theoretical frameworks, methodological approaches, data analysis, the writing process, and mental challenges such as dealing with impostor syndrome, The diversity of research themes and perspectives is of great value to our three PhD’ers as their starting the third year of their track. The workshop provided room for deepening, exchange, and building a valuable network of fellow researchers. And of course, there was also time to enjoy the sunshine, have an espresso, Aperol Spritz, and taste some Italian delicacies! 😋🇮🇹🍕 The second day of the EMMA Conference was dominated by fascinating presentations, including that of our colleague Aina , who presented her research with great flair. Aina’s ongoing research (as part of the ALGEPI project ) investigates how Europe’s AI regulatory frameworks—ranging from the EU’s AI Act and European Media Freedom Act (EMFA) to UNESCO and Council of Europe guidelines and national AI strategies in Belgium, France, and Spain—are or are not reshaping newsroom governance. The goal of this research is to explore the intersection between regulation and journalism more closely trying to understand how AI regulation translates into newsroom realities across European contexts. Through a two‐step approach of document analysis and interviews with legal experts, media managers, and practitioners, she discussed the impact of both hard and soft law in the journalistic context as well as media‐tailored AI policies that balance compliance with editorial independence. Next to Aina’s insights, it was inspiring to hear from other research themes and get some findings from other studies. After a strong day at the conference, we had a chance to explore beautiful Rome and do some sightseeing. The day ended in style with a delicious buffet full of authentic Italian dishes.🍝🍦 On day three of the EMMA Conference, it was Hanne and Pieter's turn to present their research. Together, they gave an engaging joint presentation in which they shared a comparative analysis of how decision-making around recommender systems for media distribution is shaped in commercial media companies and public broadcasters. Building upon the framework of Smets et al (2022), they investigate how the strategic perspective on integrating recommender systems differs in profit-oriented organizations and PSM. By integrating their individual case studies, they offered valuable insights into the divergent strategic goals, recommendation purposes, and the implications for the recommender system design. The take-away? There are some similar strategic goals and recommendation purposes for editorial, commercial, and technological stakeholders in both types of media organizations. Nevertheless, the interpretation of concepts such as 'relevant' and 'engagement' differs based on the organizational cultures in profit-driven and public service media. Slide of presentation: Preliminary findings on shared overarching strategic goals and recommendation purposes For those who cannot get enough of Pieter , he also gave an individual presentation afterwards in which he elaborated on his case study work on Flemish public broadcaster VRT. With a focus on the tensions and possible conflicts that arise between stakeholders in the decision-making processes that shape the recommender system development, his presentation elaborated on the stakeholders involved at PSM and the implications of (dis) alignment of their strategic interests. His VRT deep dive hinted at the merits of a stronger involvement of indirect stakeholders for public service delivery and provided learnings on how PSM could tackle future structural integrations of technological innovations, for example, that of generative AI, which was a heavily debated topic at this conference. Previous Next Ciao from EMMA in Rome!

< Back 4 Nov 2024 In a new policy brief and webinar, we present the findings of research on motivations of Flemish viewers ⇩ ENGLISH BELOW ⇩ Tijdens een webinar op 31 oktober presenteerde het Proeftuin Project nieuwe inzichten over de streaminggewoonten en voorkeuren van Vlaamse kijkers. Dit zijn de vijf belangrijkste conclusies: 1. Kijken blijft een collectieve activiteit Streaming biedt gepersonaliseerde aanbevelingen, maar kijkgedrag vertoont nog steeds sterke overeenkomsten met het traditionele, lineaire kijkpatroon. Keuzes worden vaak beïnvloed door sociale omgevingen, en samen kijken blijft een waardevolle culturele activiteit. Het ‘watercooler-effect’, waarbij populaire shows gesprekstof opleveren, blijft relevant, zowel voor internationale hits als lokale titels. 2. Lokale platformen lopen achter met personalisatie, maar voldoen aan verwachtingen Internationale platformen zijn sterk in personalisatie, terwijl Vlaamse kijkers vaak al weten wat ze willen zien op lokale platforms zoals VRT MAX en VTM GO. Hoewel deze platformen geavanceerde aanbevelingssystemen missen, slagen ze erin om te voldoen aan de vraag naar specifieke lokale content. De belangrijkste uitdaging blijft het uitbreiden van de catalogus en de gebruiksvriendelijkheid verbeteren. 3. Vlaamse kijkers waarderen lokale content Lokale platformen zijn de voorkeurskeuze voor Vlaamse kijkers die op zoek zijn naar regionale shows, terwijl grote streamingdiensten zoals Netflix over het algemeen worden geassocieerd met internationale content. Deze waardering voor lokale content geeft platformen zoals VRT MAX en Streamz de kans om zich te onderscheiden, vooral voor kijkers die regionale verhalen belangrijk vinden. 4. Streaming en bioscoop bezoek: Complementaire ervaringen Vlaamse kijkers zien streaming en bioscoopbezoek als aanvullend op elkaar. Degenen die veel streamen, gaan ook vaak naar de bioscoop, vooral vanwege de gedeelde ervaring. Hoewel de prijs voor sommigen een drempel blijft, blijft de bioscoop aantrekkelijk vanwege de unieke sociale sfeer. 5. Lokale content leeft, maar internationale content domineert Vlaamse kijkers associëren lokale platformen sterk met regionale content, maar hun kijkgedrag op grote platformen neigt naar internationale series en films. Deze voorkeur voor globaal aanbod vormt het streaminggedrag, maar lokale platformen blijven inspelen op de vraag naar binnenlandse verhalen en ervaringen. Voor een diepgaandere analyse, bekijk de volledige policybrief op de SMIT-website . ___________________________________ During a webinar on October 31, the Proeftuin Project revealed fresh insights into the habits and preferences of Flemish streaming audiences. Here are the five main takeaways: 1. Watching together remains Streaming may allow for individual recommendations, but watching habits still mirror traditional, linear viewing. Choices are often influenced by social settings, and shared viewing remains a strong cultural activity. The “watercooler effect,” where popular shows spark conversations, is still alive, with both international hits and local titles playing a role. 2. Local platforms lag in personalization but meet viewer expectations While international platforms excel at personalization, Flemish viewers often know exactly what they want to watch on local platforms like VRT MAX and VTM GO. These platforms lack sophisticated recommendation systems, yet they succeed in catering to viewers' demands for specific local content. The main challenge remains expanding their catalog while enhancing usability. 3. Flemish viewers value local content Local platforms are the preferred choice for Flemish audiences seeking regional shows, while major streaming services like Netflix are generally associated with international content. This appreciation for local content allows platforms such as VRT MAX and Streamz to distinguish themselves, particularly for viewers who prioritize regional storytelling. 4. Streaming and cinema are complementary experiences Flemish viewers see streaming and cinema as complementary. Those who stream frequently also tend to visit cinemas, mainly for the shared experience. While price remains a deterrent for some, cinemas remain attractive for their unique social environment. 5. Local content thrives, but international content dominates While Flemish audiences strongly associate local platforms with regional content, their actual viewing behavior on major platforms leans towards international series and films. This preference for global content shapes streaming behavior, yet local platforms continue to meet the demand for domestic stories and experiences. For more information the full policy brief is available on the SMIT website (Dutch only). Previous Next New policy brief: International versus local VOD

< Back FIRE: A Modular Framework for Prototyping and Evaluating Interactive Recommender Explanations Ulysse Maes, Cedric Waterschoot, Francesco Barile, and Nava Tintarev. 2026. FIRE: A Modular Framework for Prototyping and Evaluating Interactive Recommender Explanations. In Proceedings of the 34th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization (UMAP '26). Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, 484–486. Explanations in recommender systems are important for enhancing transparency, trust, and system understanding. However, as research interest in interactive and chat-based explanations grows, the absence of standardized, reusable interface components limits their systematic evaluation. We introduce the Framework for Interactive Recommender Explanations (FIRE) to bridge this gap. FIRE provides an open-source library of modular explanation styles with varying levels of interactivity — spanning from static lists and draggable charts to conversational agents. To test these modalities in online user studies, FIRE integrates a supporting serverless experiment engine equipped with dynamic routing, crowdsourcing integration, and complete interaction logging. Currently configured for group recommenders but built for broader applicability, FIRE helps to standardize the evaluation of the explanation layer, thereby driving reproducible experimental design. Previous Read the article Next

< Back Public Service Media and Platformization Pieter Van der Elst PhD Researcher This part of the SRP research project aims to develop in-depth knowledge on how an increasingly algorithmized media industry compels European Public Service Media (PSM) to alter their operational and value-related strategies. During a time period of 4 years, we will scrutinize how PSM’s part in the media value chain is affected and what that means for the company, the content and the end-user. A first phase of the research focuses on the organizational side of PSM. More specifically, we concentrate on the case of Flemish public broadcaster VRT and how they are operationalizing a digital and user-first approach in their digital audio strategy. Complementary analysis of the decision-making behind this organizational shift will be key to developing a thorough understanding of what it means for a public legacy media player to adapt to the ever-changing industry it operates in. In later stages of the project, our focus will shift towards what said transition implies for PSM on the levels of content production, distribution and the societal core values imbued. This part of the research will also broaden our scope geographically by including scrutiny of other European PSM organizations and how their methods compare to one another. Examinations of audience perspectives will conclude our research journey and provide us with indispensable insights on the topic. Through this research programme we aim to consolidate our understandings on algorithm-driven media operations and media-economics and media policy oriented PSM-research, not only serve the academic community, but also to provide small market PSM-organizations with tools to better understand and integrate algorithms, and assist policymakers in developing ways of regulating and measuring the impact of algorithms on media output and audience reach. Publications Streaming Europe: How Transnational Streaming is Reshaping European Film and Television Markets Catching the waves: The case of VRT's digital-first audio strategy 02/09/2025 Challenges and requirements for implementing due prominence: aligning stakeholder interests in Flanders 18/07/2025 Towards a Pragmatic Approach for studying Normative Recommender Systems 18/09/2023 Supervisors Catalina Iordache Guest Professor Tim Raats Associate Professor Related news 2 Report Published: How to Ensure Visibility and Prominence for Media Services of General Interest in Flanders Commissioned by the Flemish Minister of Media, this research report investigates findability, discoverability, and due prominence for audiovisual and auditive media services. 2 Ciao from EMMA in Rome! Our presentations at the emma Conference 2025 2 Media Industries Conference, London An overview of our presentations at Media Industries in London Previous Next

< Back Adelaida Afilipoaie Postdoctoral Researcher adelaida.afilipoaie@vub.be I am a senior researcher in the field of media policy, with an affinity for electronic communications networks and services, and online platforms. I am part of the Brussels-based imec-SMIT, Vrije Universiteit Brussel research group, more specifically part of the Media Economics and Policy Unit. In 2016 I graduated from my BA. in Media Studies and Television in the United Kingdom. After gaining theoretical knowledge and hands-on production experience in the media industry, I decided to pursue a MSc. in Communication Studies at the VUB in Brussels from which I graduated in 2018. Right after graduating I started working at imec-SMIT, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, where, by combining economic platform theories and media policy research, I conducted my PhD on the regulatory frameworks at the EU and Member States level, and their ability to address the online platform power concerns, which I finalized in 2023. Currently, I am conducting postdoctoral research for several projects (Fair MusE, ALGEPI and GMICP). Considering the domination of online platforms and their algorithms, these projects tackle the various concerns of the European music ecosystem, the impact of algorithmic gatekeepers on individuals’ epistemic welfare and the media markets concentration trends. When I am not involved in research, I am a guest lecturer for the Digital Media in Europe Master’s programme at the VUB and I act as a master’s thesis supervisor. During my time as a PhD candidate, I acted as a Teaching Assistant for the MSc. course European Media Markets and facilitated several workshops part of the now discontinued Postgraduate in Media Economics programme at the VUB (2018-2020). I have experience with European projects as I was a contributor to the SMART 2018/0066 study on the implementation of the new provisions in the revised Audiovisual Media Services Directive (AVMSD) and CNECT/2020/OP/0099 study on the Media Plurality and Diversity Online, both funded by the European Commission’s DG CNECT. Visit my research profile

< Back Heritiana Ranaivoson Research Professor heritiana.renaud.ranaivoson@vub.be While digital technologies have been here for quite some time already, I am still amazed by the changes they keep triggering in the cultural and media industries and how they allow (or constrain) these industries to innovate. I am particularly interested in the impact these changes have on the diversity of the content these industries produce and recommend. And eventually the policies that are needed in this new environment. I analyse these changes using my background in industrial economics, business modelling and media policy, with a peculiar interest in combining quantitative and qualitative research. I obtained my PhD in Economics (Université Paris 1, Panthéon-Sorbonne) in 2008 on cultural diversity in the recording industry. I also studied Economics and Management at Ecole Normale Supérieure de Cachan (France). Since then, and notably since I joined imec-SMIT-VUB in 2010, I have led several research projects at international and national levels for the European Commission ( H2020 , study contracts ), the Unesco , Google , etc. I have published extensively in the fields of cultural and media diversity , media innovation , media policy, audiovisual platforms , and the economic impact of digital technologies on creative industries . Visit my research profile

< Back Not One News Recommender To Fit Them All: How Different Recommender Strategies Serve Various User Segments Vandenbroucke, H., Maes, U., Michiels, L., & Smets, A. (2025). Not One News Recommender To Fit Them All: How Different Recommender Strategies Serve Various User Segments. In 19th ACM Conference on Recommender Systems Proceedings . ACM. Many news recommender systems (NRS) adopt a one-recommender-for-all approach, overlooking that users engage with news in fundamentally different ways. In this work, we identify user clusters based on various engagement metrics that go beyond clicks by employing cluster analysis on two real-world datasets: EB-NeRD and Adressa. Next to that, we evaluate the performance of common rec-ommender strategies: popularity, collaborative filtering (EASE and ItemKNN), and a content-based model across these user clusters, which exhibit varying reading behaviors and information needs. Our findings show that different recommender strategies are effective to varying degrees depending on the user cluster. This study contributes to NRS research by providing a grounded clustering of users derived from real-world datasets and emphasizes the importance of user-centered evaluations for understanding how NRS strategies serve audiences with varying levels of news engagement. Recommender Systems Previous Read the article Next

< Back Let Me Introduce You: Stimulating Taste-Broadening Serendipity through Song Introductions Brett Binst, Ulysse Maes, Martijn Willemsen, and Annelien Smets. 2026. Let Me Introduce You: Stimulating Taste-Broadening Serendipity through Song Introductions. In 34th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization (UMAP ’26), June 08–11, 2026, Gothenburg, Sweden. ACM, New York, NY, USA, 10 pages. https://doi.org/10.1145/3774935.3806164 Research on how people experience music emphasizes the importance of exploration and diversity in listening. However, music recommender systems struggle with facilitating exploration. Even when music recommender systems are able to recommend something valuable to users that is outside their typical preferences, it still remains difficult to spark their interest. This paper presents a user study examining the efficacy of immersive and informative introductions in stimulating interest in songs that are beyond one’s usual preferences, an experience called Taste-Broadening Serendipity. We uncover two important mechanisms behind the effect of introductions: transportation and cognitive elaboration. Our findings indicate that transportation (i.e., being absorbed into a narrative world) is the strongest predictor of Taste-Broadening Serendipity, while cognitive elaboration (i.e., learning something new about the artist or social context in which the music emerged) has a weaker effect but is easier to stimulate. We propose that song introductions can play an important role in facilitating exploration and increasing diversity of listening on music streaming platforms. Previous Read the article Next

< Back Challenges and opportunities for recommender systems in media markets Ranaivoson, H., Smets, A. & Ballon, P. (2024). Challenges and opportunities for recommender systems in media markets. In U. Rohn, M. Rimscha & T. Raats (Ed.), De Gruyter Handbook of Media Economics (pp. 215-228). Berlin, Boston: De Gruyter. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110793444-015 Recommender systems have become omnipresent in media markets, fromproduction to distribution and consumption. What is often overlooked, however, isthat the multi-sided nature of contemporary media markets implies that recom-mender systems need to balance the needs and requirements of actors on differentsides of these markets, such as content providers and end-users. Starting from an overview of the rapidly growing literature on recommender systems in media mar-kets, and emphasizing their multi-sided nature, we first describe the main typologies of recommender systems and analyze how various stakeholders might adopt particular strategies to have these systems create novel market opportunities. Then, we discuss media market dilemmas that result from these stakeholders’ often competing objectives in terms of biases, notably filter bubbles, management dilemmas, and is-sues around privacy and transparency. We argue how revisiting these concerns from a multi-stakeholder perspective opens up new angles to understand recommender systems’ impact on contemporary media markets. Recommender Systems Previous Read the article Next

< Back From Experimentation to Strategy: The Ambidextrous Balancing Act of Developing News Recommender Systems Vandenbroucke, H., & Smets, A. (2025). From experimentation to strategy: the ambidextrous balancing act of developing news recommender systems. Journal of Media Business Studies , 1–28. https://doi.org/10.1080/16522354.2025.2590880 Despite advances in news recommender systems (NRS) research, their application in news organisations remains limited, hampered by practical obstacles and organisational challenges. This study applies the multi-stakeholder framework alongside ambidexterity theory to analyse the complex decision-making dynamics in applying NRS within two large commercial news organisations. Based on 11 in-depth interviews with different stakeholders, two “balancing acts” emerged. The first is stakeholder alignment through two strategies: knowledge management with dummy-proof presentations and “showcasing success” to help increase stakeholder buy-in for NRS. The second balancing act is managing trade-offs between exploration and exploitation in a roadmap developed by the multidisciplinary team of product owners (POs), ensuring a balanced allocation of resources for NRS innovation and optimisation. This research shows how organisational ambidexterity supports successful technology integration and provides insights for implementing emerging technologies in complex multi-stakeholder news media environments. Recommender Systems, Stakeholders, Newsmedia Previous Read the article Next

< Back 24 Sept 2024 Our takeaways from the workshop part of the NWO-funded project "Rethinking news algorithms" On 23rd of September, Aina, Hanne, and Ulysse traveled to the Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam for the workshop "Best practices for responsible news recommender design," part of the NWO-funded project "Rethinking news algorithms". This one-day event aimed to foster collaboration between academia and industry, focusing on the ethical design of news recommender systems. Aina and Hanne presented initial insights from their systematic literature review that aims to uncover the organizational challenges, opportunities and social implications of news recommendation systems studied in Western media systems. One significant observation from the day highlighted the challenges in aligning all aspects of responsible news recommenders with diverse stakeholder goals. A key takeaway from our engaging conversations with colleagues and industry professionals is that diversity is frequently considered essential for the development of responsible recommenders, given the close relationship between the democratic function of news and media pluralism. The workshop enabled a cooperative sharing of ideas, fostering the co-creation of optimal strategies for responsible news algorithms. Attendees also pinpointed prospective research paths, underscoring the necessity of ongoing interdisciplinary collaboration to explore the societal implications of these systems. Previous Next Workshop: Best Practices for Responsible News Recommender Design