< Back Annelien Smets Research Professor Annelien.Smets@vub.be Annelien is a senior researcher at SMIT in the Media Economics and Policy unit. Her research centers around personalization and recommender systems, and their value in media markets. Annelien holds a PhD in Media and Communication Studies (VUB) on the topic of serendipity in recommender systems and smart cities. She holds a master’s degree in Information Management (2016) and Artificial Intelligence (2017) from KU Leuven. Currently, Annelien is Research Professor at Vrije Universiteit Brussel, where she teaches courses on media economics, digital economics, digital business models, and digital innovation management. She is also co-chair of the Serendipity Academic Researchers Network, part of the Serendipity Society. Visit my research profile

< Back 15 Sept 2023 Exploring Power Dynamics in Digital Platform Markets: A Pragmatic Approach to Normative Recommender Systems We are excited to share that our research team has contributed a paper to the first workshop on Normative Design and Evaluation of Recommender Systems (NORMalize), co-located with the 17th ACM Conference on Recommender Systems in Singapore. Our paper, titled "Towards a Pragmatic Approach for studying Normative Recommender Systems: exploring Power Dynamics in Digital Platform Markets" examines two key economic dynamics prevalent in digital media markets that challenge the development of normative RSs. The first hurdle focuses on the susceptibility of digital platforms to lock-in and monopolization due to network effects, skewing the power balance towards system providers. The second hurdle delves into the "attention economy" and the engagement-centric logic in RS design. This logic, while successful in boosting engagement, might compete with explicit or long-term user objectives We illustrate the real-world significance of these dynamic with insights from the domains of video-on-demand and news media. Furthermore, by offering policy recommendations we wish to address the normative challenges that arise in RS design. PhD researcher Hanne Vandenbroucke will be presenting this paper during the NORMalize workshop on Tuesday, September 19. Previous Next New publication: NORMalize Workshop (@ RecSys23)

< Back Exploring Ethical and Regulatory Challenges of AI Integration in European Union Newsrooms Lefèvre, B., Errando, A., Afilipoaie, A., Ranaivoson, H., & Wiart, L. (2025). Exploring ethical and regulatory challenges of AI integration in European Union newsrooms. Media Studies , 16 (31), 31-55. Artificial Intelligence (AI) has significantly reshaped the news media landscape in the fast-evolving digital ecosystem. While recent legislative measures and industry self-regulation initiatives have emerged to address AI’s implications, the ethical challenges associated with its adoption in European Union (EU) newsrooms and the ways news media organisations navigate regulatory frameworks and internal initiatives remain underexplored. This study aims to bridge this gap by examining the conditions under which AI tools are integrated into media organisations from both organisational and regulatory perspectives. Drawing on an analysis of 30 key documents and 41 in-depth interviews with media professionals and regulatory experts across three EU markets, the study uncovers key findings: a limited discourse on AI use in media organisations, significant disparities in AI implementation practices, and an absence of clear, actionable regulatory guidelines for addressing considerations in AI-driven news content. Platforms Previous Read the article Next

< Back Towards a Pragmatic Approach for studying Normative Recommender Systems Binst, B., Vandenbroucke, H., Li, D., Puskas, I., Van der Elst, P., & Smets, A. (Accepted/In press). Towards a Pragmatic Approach for studying Normative Recommender Systems: Exploring Power Dynamics in Digital Platform Markets. In Proceedings of the the First Workshop on Normative Design and Evaluation of Recommender Systems . Recommender systems (RSs) have become an integral part of digital platforms, helping users to navigate through the abundance of online content and services. This paper argues that the study of normative RSs should go beyond the mere conceptualization of normativity and examine the conditions and contextual factors that might foster normative RSs. RSs often operate within multisided markets, involving multiple stakeholders who influence and are influenced by the RS. Ideally, developers of RSs aim for value alignment among diverse stakeholders, fostering a win-win scenario. However, in practice, system providers hold more power over the design, often optimizing for their own objectives and neglecting the needs and values of other stakeholders. These imbalanced power dynamics in digital platform markets pose significant challenges to the design. This paper critically examines two key economic dynamics in digital media markets that challenge the development of normative RSs. The first hurdle describes the susceptibility of digital platform markets to lock-in and monopolization due to network effects, which skews the power balance in favor system. A second hurdle critically examines the pervasive \"attention economy\" and corresponding engagement-centric logic in the design of RSs that might diverge from explicit or long-term users' preferences despite the success in increasing engagement. To illustrate the importance of these dynamics in real-world RSs, we present how these hurdles manifest in the domains of video-on-demand and news media. In conclusion, this paper advocates for a more pragmatic approach to studying normative RSs by considering the two hurdles affecting the RS development in contemporary digital platform markets. Furthermore, it highlights the fruitfulness of this pragmatic approach by proposing policy recommendations to tackle normative challenges in RSs’ design. Recommender Systems Previous Read the article Next

< Back 18 Dec 2023 Explore our work-in-progress presentations at DBWRS2023 Last week our team attended the first edition of the Dutch-Belgian Workshop on Recommender Systems. DBWRS 2023 proved to be a dynamic event for the exchange of ideas, insights, and ongoing research. Among the highlights were the six compelling work-in-progress posters presented by our researchers. In this blog post, we are excited to share a glimpse into these projects, providing a brief overview of the groundbreaking work our team is currently undertaking. 1. What Will We Be Streaming Tonight? And Why? This project delves into the fascinating world of streaming preferences. The Living Lab project explores the affordances that influence users' choices in content consumption. From binge-worthy series to thought-provoking documentaries, we're unraveling the intricate tapestry of streaming behaviors. 2. Newsroom Realities: An Exploration of Changing Dynamics in News Organizations in Relation to Recommender Systems In a rapidly evolving media landscape, Hanne's PhD-journey investigates the impact of implementing recommender systems on newsroom dynamics. How do different stakeholders wihtin news organizations look at the potential opportunities and risks of recommendations and personalization? 3. Assessing the Potential of Large Language Models for Personalized Explainable Recommendations in Media Large language models have revolutionized natural language processing. In his PhD, Ulysse will explore their potential for personalized and explainable recommendations in the media domain. Uncover the methodologies and insights that pave the way for a more transparent and user-centric recommender system. 4. Intention and Behavior: A Systematic Review of Literature on Users Preferences in Recommendation Systems Understanding users is at the heart of designing effective recommendation systems. Through an systematic literature review, Dongxiao sheds light on the intricate interplay between user intentions and actual behavior. 5. Discovering the Rhythm: The Impact of Online Platform Recommender Systems on Music Discoverability Music is a universal language, and our researchers in the FairMuse project are exploring how online platform recommender systems influence the discoverability of music. From algorithmic playlists to tailored suggestions, we're uncovering the rhythm that shapes users' musical exploration. 6. Gatekeeping in the Digital Age: Newsroom Resistance to News Personalization As news personalization becomes more prevalent, Aina investigates the resistance to recommender systems in newsrooms in Spain as a part of the Algepi-project . These work-in-progress posters showcase the diversity and depth of ongoing research of the SRP Media team. Together, we navigate the ever-changing landscape of recommender systems, digital platforms and streaming services. Previous Next Our work-in-progress at DBWRS 2023

< Back 15 Aug 2023 Get inspired at the first Dutch-Belgian Workshop on Recommender Systems Get ready for the first Dutch-Belgian Workshop on Recommender Systems (DBWRS)! On 14 and 15 December 2023, researchers and practitioners gather in the beautiful city of Antwerp for a two-day workshop to to explore and discuss the latest advancements, challenges, and opportunities in the field of recommender systems. DBWRS is a collaborative event bridging diverse field such as computer science, data science, artificial intelligence, psychology, communication, and more! Together we spark innovative and interdisciplanary approaches that enhance user experiences, empower perzonalization and contribute to the growing field of recomemnder systems. We invite you to join us at DBWRS 2023! Share your insights, connect with other researchers and practitioners and get inspired by experts. See you in Antwerp on 14 & 15 December 2023. www.dbwrs23.be Previous Next Join us at DBWRS 2023

< Back 21 Jul 2025 Aina's recap of the AI Summer School at KU Leuven Aina Errando started the summer of 2025 with the AI Summer School at KU Leuven , organised by the Centre for IT & IP Law (CiTiP). As a PhD researcher within the ALGEPI project, she was selected to join the 5th edition of this summer school. The programme brought together an interdisciplinary and international cohort of researchers, legal scholars, and professionals to explore some of the most pressing regulatory and ethical challenges in the field of artificial intelligence (AI). Over two intensive weeks , participants engaged with a broad spectrum of topics, including: The EU AI Act, Digital Services Act (DSA), and Digital Markets Act (DMA) The Council of Europe’s Framework Convention on AI, Human Rights, Democracy and the Rule of Law The OECD AI Principles and UNESCO’s Recommendation on the Ethics of AI Critical discussions on AI auditing, transparency, fairness, and accountability The sessions were led by renowned scholars and practitioners , and their contributions created an intellectually rich and challenging environment that encouraged participants to critically reflect on the intersections between law, ethics, and AI innovation . During the programme, Aina had the opportunity to present her work-in-progress titled “Regulating the News(rooms): Between AI Policies and Editorial Realities in Europe” , developed as part of the ALGEPI project . Furthermore, one of the programme’s highlights was a gamified group challenge , where participants were assigned roles in a fictional regulatory debate. Aina and her team were tasked with unconditionally defending regulatory sandboxes under the AI Act. The AI Summer School came at a particularly relevant time, as institutions across Europe are working on implementing the AI Act, as well as other digital regulations and policies. The programme offered an opportunity to gain practical insights into how regulation is interpreted, contested, and applied across different sectors and jurisdictions. Together with other summer school attendees, Aina wrote a blog post on the AI regulatory Sandboxes established under the EU AI Act. Would you like to know more about it? Have a look at https://www.law.kuleuven.be/ai-summer-school/blogpost/ai-sandboxes-between-promises-and-perils/view Previous Next AI Summer School 2025

< Back Catching the waves: The case of VRT's digital-first audio strategy Van der Elst, P., Iordache, C., & Raats, T. (2025). Catching the waves: The case of VRT’s digital-first audio strategy. European Journal of Communication . https://doi.org/10.1177/02673231251370877 European public service media (PSM) are increasingly embracing strategies that balance digital platform tactics and meeting the public remit. This article addresses how a small market PSM is repositioning itself in a media landscape dominated by global platforms, streaming services and legacy media adopting platformisation strategies. We examine platformisation at the Flemish broadcaster VRT through the lens of its digital audio strategy. The study combines document analysis and expert interviews. Results show a strategic shift towards more focus on user needs and habits; a branding strategy revolving around the VRT parent brand; a necessary yet precarious presence on third-party platforms; a legacy-driven content offering complemented by online-only commissioning; and a firm editorial grip on content curation. VRT's take on these strategic innovations highlights a series of key dilemmas for PSM to reconcile public remit delivery and competitiveness in a platformised media landscape. Public Service Media Previous Read the article Next

< Back What is Serendipity? An Interview Study to Conceptualize Experienced Serendipity in Recommender Systems Binst, B. , Michiels, L. & Smets, A. , 2025, (Accepted/In press).What is Serendipity? An Interview Study to Conceptualize Experienced Serendipity in Recommender Systems. Proceedings of the 33rd ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization Serendipity has been associated with numerous benefits in the context of recommender systems, e.g., increased user satisfaction and consumption of long-tail items. Despite this, serendipity in the context of recommender systems has thus far remained conceptually ambiguous. This conceptual ambiguity has led to inconsistent operationalizations between studies, making it difficult to compare and synthesize findings. In this paper, we conceptualize the user’s experience of serendipity. To this effect, we interviewed 17 participants and analyzed the data following the grounded theory paradigm. Based on these interviews, we conceptualize experienced serendipity as a user experience in which a user unintentionally encounters content that feels fortuitous, refreshing, and enriching. We find that all three components—fortuitous, refreshing and enriching—are necessary and together are sufficient to classify a user’s experience as serendipitous. However, these components can be satisfied through a variety of conditions. Our conceptualization unifies previous definitions of serendipity within a single framework, resolving inconsistencies by identifying distinct flavors of serendipity. It highlights underexposed flavors, offering new insights into how users experience serendipity in the context of recommender systems. By clarifying the components and conditions of experienced serendipity in recommender systems, this work can guide the design of recommender systems that stimulate experienced serendipity in their users, and lays the groundwork for developing a standardized operationalization of experienced serendipity in its many flavors, enabling more consistent and comparable evaluations. Recommender Systems Previous Read the article Next

< Back 27 Mar 2025 Findings and recommendations on the organisational and cultural challenges facing PSM in Belgium In this new policy brief Tim Raats and Cataline Iordache share results from the latest research conducted during the second year of the PSM-AP project . Their findings show that Public Service Media (PSM) organizations in Belgium, being RTBF (French-speaking) and VRT (Flemish) face growing competition from global tech giants such as Netflix, Apple, Google, and Amazon. This requires a transition into fully digital, online-first broadcasters. While both are integrating digital tools and skills, structural barriers rooted in traditional broadcasting, such as bureaucracy and departmental silos, slow down this transformation. They are adapting their commissioning and distribution strategies to better meet audience needs while maintaining their public service mission and managing brand perception. However, their digital transition differs: VRT is positioning VRT MAX as the central platform for content, whereas RTBF struggles to rebrand Auvio beyond a catch-up service, as linear TV is still dominant for reaching audiences. Their study identifies the following four key factors that shape the way in which both Belgian PSM organizations are managing the rise of internet delivery and increasing competition with international streamers: If you want to learn more about the outcomes of in-depth interviews with employees in both PSM organizations, have a look at the full policy brief here . Previous Next Policy Brief on Public Service Media in Belgium

< Back Not that personal: A qualitative study of personalization practices on six European public streaming service Münter Lassen, J., Iordache, C., Martin, D., Bruun, H., Świtkowski, F., Nucci, A., & Johnson, C. (2026). Not that personal: A qualitative study of personalization practices on six European public streaming service. Television & New Media , 1–19. https://doi.org/10.1177/15274764251415356 This article presents key findings from a comparative empirical study of content recommendation on the audiovisual streaming services of six European public service media (PSM) organizations. Due to growing competition with international subscription streaming services, the editorial practices of PSM are developing, combining editorial curation with algorithmic recommendations. Contributing to the fields of PSM, platformization and scheduling studies, the article presents findings from a qualitative reverse engineering approach to interface analysis. We document how the majority of the services exercise what we characterize as light personalization, and we highlight explanations for why the degree of personalization on the PSM streaming services, in most cases, is still limited. The comparative approach enables us to identify the factors most commonly at play across diverse national contexts. The article adds to theoretical debates about how personalization is constructed in a PSM context and discusses whether algorithmic personalization conflicts with PSM values. Platforms, Recommender Systems Previous Read the article Next

< Back 28 Oct 2024 Throwback on the international seminar on diversity and VOD services Tim Raats and Catalina Iordache participated in the international seminar on diversity and Video-on-Demand (VOD) services in Madrid, hosted by the Diversidad Audiovisual research group at University Carlos III Madrid. This event brought together scholars, industry experts, and policymakers to discuss the challenges and opportunities for promoting diverse content in the increasingly globalized VOD landscape. Tim Raats contributed to the discussion on quotas for European works, presenting on October 24 during a panel focused on promoting European and Spanish content. His talk examined the importance of quota regulations and content prominence to ensure visibility for European productions, underscoring how these measures can support local cultural diversity on international streaming platforms. Catalina Iordache also presented on the same day, addressing the financial impact of foreign streaming platforms on European fiction series. Speaking in a panel on investment and financing of European works, she shared insights into how international players like Netflix and Amazon Prime are contributing to and reshaping the European audiovisual ecosystem by funding local productions. The seminar recordings and a full list of panels are available on the Diversidad Audiovisual website , offering a wealth of information on the dynamics of diversity in the digital streaming era. Previous Next Diversity in VOD services: Seminar highlights from Madrid